Functional mobile-based two-factor authentication by photonic physical unclonable functions

Given the rapid expansion of Internet Things and because concerns around counterfeited goods, secure resilient cryptographic systems are in high demand. Due to development digital ecosystems, mobile applications for transactions require fast reliable methods generate keys, such as Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs). We demonstrate a compact photonic PUF device able be applied mobile-based authentication. A miniaturized, energy-efficient, low-cost token was forged flexible luminescent organic–inorganic hybrid materials doped with lanthanides, displaying unique challenge–response pairs (CRPs) two-factor Under laser irradiation red spectral region, speckle pattern is attained accessed through conventional charge-coupled cameras, under ultraviolet light-emitting diodes, it displays hyperspectral imaging converted random intensity-based pattern, ensuring This methodology features use discrete cosine transform enable semi-compact encryption system suited luminescence-based CRPs. The evaluation authentication protocol required analysis multiple CRPs from different tokens, establishing an optimal key size (128 bits) decision threshold level that minimizes error probability.